Transliteration
Begedkefet Letters (dagesh vs. rafe)
| Letter | Name | With Dagesh | Without Dagesh (Rafe) |
|---|
| ב | Bet | b | v |
| ג | Gimel | g | gh |
| ד | Dalet | d | dh |
| כ | Kaf | k | kh |
| פ | Pe | p | f |
| ת | Tav | t | th |
Other Consonants
| Letter | Name | Transliteration |
|---|
| א | Alef | ʾ |
| ה | He | h |
| ו | Vav | w |
| ז | Zayin | z |
| ח | Het | ḥ |
| ט | Tet | ṭ |
| י | Yod | y |
| ל | Lamed | l |
| מ | Mem | m |
| נ | Nun | n |
| ס | Samekh | s |
| ע | Ayin | ' |
| צ | Tsadi | ṣ |
| ק | Qof | q |
| ר | Resh | r |
| שׁ | Shin | sh |
| שׂ | Sin | s |
Final Letter Forms
| Letter | Name | Transliteration |
|---|
| ך | Final Kaf | kh |
| ם | Final Mem | m |
| ן | Final Nun | n |
| ף | Final Pe | f |
| ץ | Final Tsadi | ṣ |
Vowels
| Niqqud | Name | Transliteration |
|---|
| ְ | Sheva (vocal) | ĕ |
| ֱ | Hataf Segol | ĕ |
| ֲ | Hataf Patah | ă |
| ֳ | Hataf Qamats | ŏ |
| ִ | Hiriq | i |
| ִי | Hiriq + Yod | i |
| ֵ | Tsere | e |
| ֵי | Tsere + Yod | e |
| ֶ | Segol | e |
| ֶי | Segol + Yod | e |
| ַ | Patah | a |
| ָ | Qamats | a |
| ָה | Qamats + He (word-final) | a |
| ֹ | Holam | o |
| ֹ | Holam Haser (no vav) | o |
| וֹ | Holam + Vav | o |
| ֻ | Qubuts | u |
| וּ | Shureq | u |
| ָיו | Qamats + Yod + Vav (3ms suffix) | ayw |
The Divine Name (י״י / יְיָ) is a special case handled outside this schema -- it always renders as “Adonay”, regardless of its vocalization in the source text. See normalize-divine-name.mjs.